Neoplasticism was a Dutch abstract movement founded by Piet Mondrian and Theo van Doesburg. Neoplasticism (the new plastic art or Nieuwe Beelding in Dutch) was a movement in both painting and sculpture that asserted only the absolutes in life were important.

Neoplasticism sought to reduce art to horizontal and vertical lines and the primary colors (red, blue and yellow) plus black, white and gray. The intent of Neoplasticism was to remove any hint of realism or artistic emotion from the art piece.

The Neoplasticism movement ran from 1910 to roughly 1940. In 1931, van Doesburg founded a new movement called "Abstraction-Creation", which was the beginning of the end for Neoplasticism. The collective work of Neoplasticism was known at the time as De Stijl (The Style).

Mondrian was influenced by cubism, Fauvism and Pointillism but decided to forgo these and develop his own style. Bart van der Leck, Georges Vantongerloo, Jean Gorin and Gerrit Rietveld also joined Mondrian and van Doesburg in their movement, which gave coherent and momentum to the movement.

Neoplasticism was supposed to represent spiritual harmony and order. Mondrian published a manifesto titled Neo-Plasticism in 1920 and van Doesburg published a journal named De Stijl from 1917 to 1928 outlining the movement in detail.

Besides painting and sculpture, Neoplasticism influenced the Bauhaus style as well as the International style in architecture as well as clothing and interior design.